Period 4 Elements Survey of physical & chemical properties of individual elements GCE AS A2 inorganic revision notes KS5

Doc Brown's Chemistry Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Revision Notes

Part 6.1 A Revising Survey of individual elements of Period 4

[Author © Dr Phil Brown PhD: Doc Brown's advanced level inorganic chemistry exam revision notes suitable for students of UK Advanced A level inorganic chemistry courses & US K12 grade 11, grade 12 and AP honors inorganic chemistry courses: [periodic table page updated April 5th 2026 *]

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All my periodic table advanced A level chemistry revision notes

All my advanced A level inorganic chemistry revision study notes

GCSE Level periodic table revision notes

6.1 Survey of Period 4 elements K to Kr (18 elements Z = 19 to 36)

A very brief description of each element in period 4 with links to more detailed notes.

Z = 19 Potassium in Group 1 Alkali Metals

Potassium's chemistry is almost identical to sodium, a typical Alkali Metal
Links to other pages

Z = 20 Calcium in Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals

Calcium's chemistry is almost identical to magnesium, a typical Alkaline Earth Metal
Links to other pages
- 6.4 Important element trends down a Group
- 7 Advanced level chemistry revision notes on s–block Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals

Z = 21 Scandium in 3d–block

The first 3d block element, a typical hard high melting metal whose chemistry is dominated by the formation of the scandium(III) ion, Sc³⁺.
Links to other pages

Z = 22 Titanium in 3d–block – Transition Element

The first of the true transition metals with principal oxidation states of +2, +3 and +4.
White titanium(IV) oxide is an important pigment in the paints industry.
Links to other pages

Z = 23 Vanadium in 3d–block – Transition Element

Vanadium is a very typical transition metal, high density and high melting point, various oxidation states (+2 to +5) and its compounds have catalytic properties.
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Z = 24 Chromium in 3d–block – Transition Element

Chromium is a very typical transition metal, high density and high melting point, various oxidation states (+2, +3 and +6) and its many complex ions and compounds have a variety of colours.
Links to other pages

Z = 25 Manganese in 3d–block – Transition Element

Manganese is encountered as its oxide, manganese(IV) oxide which catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the purple ion manganate(VII). Its principal oxidation states are +2 and +7, but+4, +5 and +6 states are also known.
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Z = 26 Iron in 3d–block – Transition Element

Iron is a very typical transition metal, high density and high melting point, several important oxidation states (+2 and +3) and its use in numerous steel alloys.
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Z = 27 Cobalt in 3d–block – Transition Element

Cobalt is a very typical transition metal, high density and high melting point, several important oxidation states (+2 and +3) and its use in alloys and forms a variety of complex ions.
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Z = 28 Nickel in 3d–block – Transition Element

Nickel is also very typical transition metal, high density and high melting point, the most important oxidation state is +2 but +3 complexes are also known and is used in numerous alloys.
10.10 Detailed advanced level chemistry revision notes on nickel
10.1–10.2 Advanced level chemistry introduction to the 3d block and Transition Metals
KS4 Science GCSE/IGCSE notes on Transition Metals including mention of nickel

Z = 29 Copper in 3d–block – Transition Element

Copper is one of the most well known transition metals with two principal oxidation states (+1 and +2) and is characterised by the familiar and characteristic blue and green colour of copper(II) complex ions or compounds.
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Z = 30 Zinc in 3d–block element

Zinc is not a true transition metal but is the last member of the 3d block series. Its chemistry is dominated by the formation of zinc(II) compounds, its only oxidation state is +2 in compounds.
Links to other pages

Z = 31 Gallium in Group 3/13

Gallium is a soft bluish–white metal whose chemistry is a bit like that of aluminium
Links to other pages
- 6.4 Important element trends down a Group
- 8.1 Advanced Level Chemistry Revision Notes on p–block – Group 3/13

Z = 32 Germanium in Group 4/14

An important semi–metallic element in the semi–conductor industry for manufacturing computer chips and mobile phone technology.
Links to other pages
- 6.4 Important element trends down a Group
- 8.2 Advanced Level Chemistry Revision Notes on p–block – Group 4/14

Z = 33 Arsenic in Group 5/15

A semi–metallic element whose compounds are somewhat poisonous!
Links to other pages
- 6.4 Important element trends down a Group
- 8.3 Advanced Level Chemistry Revision Notes on p–block – Group 5/15

Z = 34 Selenium in Group 6/16

Selenium is another semi–metal.
Links to other pages
- 6.4 Important element trends down a Group
- 8.4 Advanced Level Chemistry Revision Notes on p–block – Group 6/16

Z = 35 Bromine in Group 7/17 The Halogens

Bromine's chemistry is very similar to that of chlorine another of the Halogen elements.
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Z = 36 Krypton in Group 0/18 The Noble Gases

Krypton is very similar to Argon, another of the Noble Gases and has virtually no meaningful chemistry.
- Krypton(II) fluoride and krypton(IV) fluoride have been prepared.
Links to other pages

WHAT NEXT?

PLEASE NOTE GCSE Level periodic table notes are on separate webpages

Period 2-4 survey sub-index: 4.1 Period 2 Survey of the individual elements, 4.2 Period 2 element trends and explanations of physical properties * 4.3 Period 2 element trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae & reactions, 5.1 Period 3 survey of elements, 5.2 Period 3 element trends & explanations of physical properties, 5.3 Period 3 element trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae & reactions, 6.1 Survey of Period 4 elements, 6.2 Period 4 trends in physical properties, 6.3 Period 4 trends in bonding, formulae and oxidation state, 6.4 Important element trends down a Group

Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index: Part 1 Periodic Table history Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 Period 4 survey K to Kr AND important trends down a group * Part 7 s–block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8 p–block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 * Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodicity plots All 11 Parts have their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages
Group numbering and the modern periodic table

The original group numbers of the periodic table ran from group 1 alkali metals to group 0 noble gases. To account for the d block elements and their 'vertical' similarities, in the modern periodic table, groups 3 to group 0 are numbered 13 to 18. So, the p block elements are referred to as groups 13 to group 18 at a higher academic level, though the group 3 to 0 notation is still used, but usually at a lower academic level. The 3d block elements (Sc to Zn) are now considered the head (top) elements of groups 3 to 12.

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