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Help links for
AQA Advanced Level Chemistry Courses (AS level and the full A level chemistry
course)
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INDEX of subject
content based on the AQA A and AS advanced level chemistry
syllabus
If only doing AQA AS
level chemistry, make sure you are NOT studying A level only topics
3.1
Physical
chemistry help links
3.1.1
Atomic
structure (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
3.1.2
Amount of
substance (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
3.1.3
Bonding (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.1.4
Energetics (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.1.5
Kinetics (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.1.6
Chemical
equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.1.7
Oxidation,
reduction and redox equations (AQA AS and A level
chemistry)
3.1.8
Thermodynamics
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.1.9
Rate
equations
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.1.10
Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.1.11
Electrode
potentials and electrochemical cells
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.1.12
Acids and
bases
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.2
Inorganic
chemistry help links
3.2.1
Periodicity (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.2.2
Group 2,
the alkaline earth metals (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
3.2.3
Group
7(17), the halogens (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
3.2.4
Properties
of Period 3 elements and their oxides
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.2.5
Transition
metals
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.2.6
Reactions
of ions in aqueous solution
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3
Organic
chemistry help links
3.3.1
Introduction to organic chemistry
(AQA AS and A level chemistry)
3.3.2
Alkanes (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.3.3
Halogenoalkanes (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.3.4
Alkenes (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.3.5
Alcohols (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
3.3.6
Organic
analysis (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
3.3.7
Optical
isomerism (AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.8
Aldehydes
and ketones
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.9
Carboxylic
acids and derivatives
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.10
Aromatic
chemistry
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.11
Amines
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.12
Polymers
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.13
Amino
acids, proteins and DNA
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.14
Organic
synthesis
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.15
Nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3.3.16
Chromatography
(AQA A level chemistry only)
INDEX of help links based on the AQA A and AS advanced level chemistry
syllabus A
3.1
Physical
chemistry
3.1.1
Atomic
structure (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
Revision notes on all you need to know on ATOMIC
STRUCTURE for advanced level
What is relative atomic mass?,
relative isotopic mass and calculating relative atomic mass
Calculating relative
formula/molecular mass of a compound or element molecule
The Mass Spectrometer
and basics of mass spectrometry of elements
Applications of mass
spectrometry
Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1
to 56), ions and the
Periodic Table
Period 2 trends and explanations of
physical properties
Period 3 trends & explanations of physical properties
Periodicity graphs for
elements Z = 1 to 20. Period 1 to start of Period 4
Important trends down Groups
3.1.2
Amount of
substance (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
What is relative atomic mass?,
relative isotopic mass and calculating relative atomic mass
Calculating relative
formula/molecular mass of a compound or element molecule
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
Calculations based on the
Avogadro Constant plus
Answers
Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law
Reacting gas volume
ratios, Avogadro's Law
and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous
reactants-products)
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
Gas calculations involving PVT relationships,
Boyle's and Charles Laws
Using
moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule
(starting with reacting masses or % composition)
% reaction yield and theoretical yield calculations
and why you can't get 100% yield in practice
atom economy calculations
How to do acid-alkali
titration calculations, diagrams of apparatus, details of procedures
Part 1
Acid-base and other non-redox titration calculation questions
PART 1
Fully worked out Question Answers
Part 2
Acid-base and other non-redox titration calculation questions
PART 2 Fully
worked out Question Answers
3.1.3
Bonding (AQA AS
and A level chemistry)
Lots of
stuff
on bonding and the properties of the various resulting structures
Part 1
Introduction to chemical bonding - why? how? and
patterns
Part 2
Ionic Bonding: compounds and properties
Part 3
Covalent Bonding: small molecules
and properties
Part 4
Giant covalent structures and other big
molecules
Part 5
Metallic Bonding – structure and properties of metals
Introduction -
VSEPR theory for shapes of molecules - lots of inorganic
molecule/ion examples
Electronegativity and bond polarity
related to type of chemical
bonding
Introduction to intermolecular forces -
intermolecular bonding
Evidence & theory for hydrogen bonding in
covalent hydrides, importance in other
molecules
3.1.4
Energetics (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic
reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry
experiments and resulting data
Thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments -
Enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and bond dissociation
are explained with exemplar calculations
More advanced Introduction to enthalpy changes - reaction,
formation, combustion
Thermochemistry - Hess's Law and Enthalpy
Calculations - reaction, combustion, formation etc.
Bond Enthalpy Calculations
Experimental methods
for determining enthalpy changes and treatment of results 3.1.5
Kinetics (AQA AS
and A level chemistry)
GCSE
level notes for the basics of rates of reactions
The
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular kinetic energies (relate to
temperature & catalyst factors)
Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalysis
3.1.6
Chemical
equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
Starter GCSE
level notes-reversible reactions-equilibrium
Part 1.
Equilibria Part 1. Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
Part 2.
Kc equilibrium expressions
and calculations
Part 3.
Equilibrium and
industrial processes
3.1.7
Oxidation,
reduction and redox equations (AQA AS and A level
chemistry)
Redox Part 1
Basic redox definitions, oxidation
state and examples, simple redox equations
Redox Part 2
Analysing and constructing full inorganic redox
equations 3.1.8
Thermodynamics
(AQA A level chemistry only)
The
Born-Haber Cycle
Introduction to Entropy
Examples of
entropy values and comments
ΔS, Entropy changes and the
feasibility of a chemical change
More on ΔG, Free energy changes, feasibility and
applications 3.1.9
Rate equations
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Obtaining rate data,
interpreting data, deducing orders of reaction and rate expressions
The Arrhenius
equation and calculating the activation energy Ea from kinetics–rates data
Kinetics versus thermodynamic stability
and reaction feasibility
Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes
(see also nucleophilic substitution by
water/hydroxide ion)
3.1.10
Equilibrium constant Kp
for homogeneous systems
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Kc and Kp equilibrium expressions and
calculations
Equilibrium and
industrial processes
3.1.11
Electrode potentials and
electrochemical cells
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Redox equilibria, half-cell
reactions and electrode potentials
Simple cells notation and construction
The hydrogen electrode and standard conditions
Half-cell potentials, Electrochemical Series and using Eθcell for reaction feasibility
Electrochemical cells ('batteries') and fuel cell systems
Electrolysis
and the electrochemical series
3.1.12
Acids and bases
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Equilibria: Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theories
Self-ionisation of water and pH scale
Strong acids - examples and pH calculations
Weak acids - examples & pH, Ka and pKa calculations
Acid-base indicator theory, pH curves and
titrations
Buffers - definition, formulation
and action
Buffer calculations
Case studies
of buffer function
3.2
Inorganic
chemistry
3.2.1
Periodicity (AQA
AS and A level chemistry)
Survey of Period 3: sodium Na to argon Ar
(3 pages)
Period 3 trends and explanations of physical properties
Period 3 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and
reactions
Periodicity graphs for
elements Z = 1 to 20. Period 1 to start of Period 4
3.2.2
Group 2,
the alkaline earth metals (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
s-block
elements: Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals -
Introduction and INDEX (several pages)
3.2.3
Group
7(17), the halogens (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
The Group 7/17 The Halogens -
introduction and INDEX
(several pages)
3.2.4
Properties of Period 3 elements
and their oxides
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Survey of Period 3: sodium Na to argon Ar
(3 pages)
Period 3 trends and explanations of physical properties
Period 3 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and
reactions
Periodicity graphs for
elements Z = 1 to 20. Period 1 to start of Period 4
3.2.5
Transition metals
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Introduction to the 3d-block, Transition Metals and
Data (full index)
3d block Transition Metals - Complexes
& ligands
3d block Transition Metals - Electron configuration
and colour theory
3d block Transition Metals - Catalysis
3d block transition metals - Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures',
formulae and equations
3d block Transition Metals - Hydrated salts, acidity of
hexa-aqua ions
Selected examples of
transition metal chemistry (AQA A level chemistry
only)
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Chromium
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Manganese
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Iron
Chemistry
of 3d block transition metals - Cobalt
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Nickel
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Copper
Chemistry of other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt
3.2.6
Reactions of ions in aqueous
solution
(AQA A level chemistry only)
3d block transition metals - Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures',
formulae and equations
3d block Transition Metals - Hydrated salts, acidity of
hexa-aqua ions
TESTS for
Metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions (acids)
TESTS for Anions (negative ions) including hydroxide
(alkalis)
3.3
Organic
chemistry
3.3.1
Introduction to organic chemistry
(AQA AS and A level chemistry)
An Advanced Introduction to pre-university organic chemistry - history,
bonding, variety and complexity
Summary index of organic nomenclature notes
The molecular
structure and naming of alkanes
The molecular structure and naming of
alkenes
The molecular structure and naming of haloalkanes
The molecular structure and naming of aliphatic
alcohols
The
molecular structure and naming of aldehydes and ketones
The molecular structure and naming of
carboxylic acids and derivatives
The classification, structure and
naming of organic nitrogen compounds
Other
important general topics for the study of organic chemistry
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in organic chemistry
An
Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained
INDEX of isomerism
and stereochemistry of organic compounds
notes
General introduction and definition
of isomerism, structural isomerism - chain, positional, functional
group
STEREOISOMERISM general definition, E/Z (geometric/geometrical
cis/trans) isomerism 3.3.2
Alkanes (AQA AS
and A level chemistry)
1.0
The chemistry of ALKANES and the petrochemical
industry
revision notes INDEX
1.1
The Molecular Structure and Nomenclature of Alkanes
1.2
Fractional distillation of crude
oil and uses of products
1.3
Modification of alkanes by
cracking, isomerisation and reforming
1.4
Complete and incomplete
combustion of alkanes and environmental pollution
1.5
Modification of hydrocarbon fuel mixtures, alternative fuels
and global warming
1.6
Chlorination and bromination of
alkanes, reaction mechanisms and uses of products
Combined
multiple choice and type in name quiz on the structure
and naming of alkanes
Matching pair quiz on hydrocarbon structure 3.3.3
Halogenoalkanes
(AQA AS and A level chemistry)
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
Molecular Structure and Nomenclature of
Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
Reactivity trends of halogenoalkanes - introduction to their nucleophilic
substitution reactions, the substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
& water, experiments with silver nitrate solution
The
substitution reaction of halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) with sodium/potassium hydroxide to
give alcohols
The
nucleophilic substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) and potassium cyanide
and hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids
The
substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) and ammonia and amines
forming primary, secondary and tertiary amines
The elimination reactions of
halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) with potassium hydroxide to give alkenes
The chemistry of ozone depletion and how this environmental problem
was solved
3.3.4
Alkenes (AQA AS
and A level chemistry)
INDEX of
ALL advanced revision notes on ALKENES
Revision notes on the structure and naming of ALKENES (including
cyclo..), including many isomers
STEREOISOMERISM general definition, E/Z (geometric/geometrical
cis/trans) isomerism
Bonding in alkenes, reactivity compared to alkanes,
electrophilic addition reaction with hydrogen halides
The electrophilic addition reaction
of alkenes with halogens (non-aqueous and aqueous conditions)
The reaction of alkenes with steam -
addition of water - synthesis of alcohols and the reaction of
alkenes with concentrated sulfuric acid
Reaction of alkenes with
hydrogen - uses of hydrogenation, structure and properties of oils
and fats
The
polymerisation of alkenes to
form addition polymers - structure, properties, uses of
poly(alkene) polymers
More on the
uses of plastics, issues with using plastics, solutions and recycling
methods
3.3.5
Alcohols (AQA AS
and A level chemistry)
INDEX of all revision notes on
ALCOHOLS (and mention of ethers)
Revision notes on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of aliphatic
ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, epoxy-alkanes (parts 1-2), including isomers
The laboratory synthesis and manufacture of
alcohols
The reaction of alkenes with steam -
addition of water - synthesis of alcohols and the reaction of
alkenes with concentrated sulfuric acid
Physical properties
(boiling points, solubility) and intermolecular forces
Combustion of alcohols,
enthalpies of combustion and use as fuels
Controlled oxidation
of alcohols with selected oxidising
agents
Dehydration of alcohols and use of alkenes 3.3.6
Organic
analysis (AQA AS and A level chemistry)
Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional
groups of homologous series
INDEX of mass spectroscopy notes: mass spectra of organic
compounds, examples explained
INDEX of infrared spectroscopy notes: infrared spectra of organic compounds, examples explained
3.3.7
Optical isomerism
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Stereoisomerism - R/S Optical
Isomerism examples and chiral auxiliary synthesis
3.3.8
Aldehydes and
ketones
(AQA A level chemistry only)
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on ALDEHYDES and KETONES
Revision notes on the
Structure and Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones
The structure and reactivity of
aldehydes and ketones and nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide
(also includes the hydrolysis of the
resulting nitriles to carboxylic acids)
Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional
groups of homologous series
3.3.9
Carboxylic acids
and derivatives
(AQA A level chemistry only)
INDEX of all revision notes on
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
Structure and naming of
carboxylic acids and derivatives
The weakly acidic nature and general reactions of carboxylic acids acting as
acids
Preparation & reactions of acid chlorides with water, alcohols,
ammonia, amines & mechanisms
Esters
- preparation, reactions including hydrolysis and
transesterification, uses
Natural esters - triglyceride fats and oils,
manufacture of margarine and biodiesel 3.3.10
Aromatic chemistry
(AQA A level chemistry only)
INDEX of all AROMATIC COMPOUND chemistry
revision notes
The Structure
& Naming of Aromatic Compounds,
including nomenclature of isomers
Proof of the structure of benzene, aromaticity
and electrophilic reactivity in arenes
Electrophilic substitution -
nitration of benzene /methylbenzene, properties and uses of
nitro-aromatics
Electrophilic substitution -
acylation of arenes, properties and uses of
aromatic ketones 3.3.11
Amines (AQA A level chemistry
only)
INDEX of all ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUND chemistry pages
Structure, Classification
& Naming of
Organic Nitrogen Compounds
The
structure, classification and physical properties of aliphatic amines
Methods of synthesising amines
(aliphatic and aromatic)
Acid-base chemistry of aliphatic
amines, their comparative strength as bases and reactions with acids
The
chemistry of amides e.g. reaction with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides,
polyamides - formation, structure, properties and uses
3.3.12
Polymers
(AQA A level chemistry only)
polyamides - formation, structure, properties and uses
The manufacture, molecular structure, properties and uses of
polyesters 3.3.13
Amino acids, proteins and DNA
(AQA A level chemistry only)
Amino acids - molecular
structure, preparation and reactions - two functional group
chemistries
Protein-enzyme structure, function
and inhibition
Protein
analysis and synthesis
Amine
bases and the hydrogen bonding in DNA and RNA
3.3.14
Organic synthesis
(AQA A level chemistry only)
You need a good
knowledge of all the synthesis reactions mentioned in the syllabus and know
how to work out a 1 or 2 stage synthesis i.e. know your starting chemicals,
reagents and reaction conditions.
3.3.15
Nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy
(AQA A level chemistry only)
INDEX of nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy: 1H NMR spectra of organic
compounds
INDEX of nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy: 13C NMR spectra of organic
compounds,
3.3.16
Chromatography
(AQA A level chemistry only)
paper and thin layer
chromatography.
Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
Applications of mass
spectrometry - linked to chromatography
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Revision notes
to help when studying AQA A level and AS level advanced level chemistry,
help links based on the syllabus for the AQA A level and AS level
advanced level chemistry course, a study guide to the topics in AQA A
level and AS level advanced level chemistry, help with mock exam revision
and doing past AQA exam papers for AQA A level and AS level advanced level
chemistry,
Explaining the importance of
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